Confirmed: Two separate incidents occurring seconds apart

• Red Eléctrica confirms that two unlikely yet causally linked incidents occurred, one of which shut down the system while the other caused a cascading supply failure.
• Frequency loss and power outages affected multiple countries.

Suspected disruption in solar energy production in southwestern Spain

• Eduardo Prieto (Red Eléctrica): The epicenter of the issue was in the southwestern region of Spain.
• “Very likely” caused by a sudden change in output from solar power plants, particularly due to instability in solar irradiance (cloud cover, sudden winds).

Grid-forming inverters not present (or inactive)

• Implied: Inverters that should stabilize the grid (reactive power, inertia) were unable to assume that function.

Power outages extended to Portugal, France, Andorra

• Prime Minister Sánchez and Red Eléctrica confirmed: more than 57 million people were affected.
• France and Morocco assisted in power restoration (highlighting the importance of interconnected transmission systems).

Prof. Branko Grisogono:

• Explained that sudden atmospheric fluctuations (wind, temperature) may cause mechanical vibrations in transmission lines, which in extreme cases can affect grid stability.
• Rare atmospheric phenomena can cause “transmission oscillations” – consistent with the “oscillation” reported by Red Eléctrica.

Key role of battery energy storage systems
In the context of the above, Adriadiesel’s battery container systems can:

• absorb energy surpluses during oscillations (preventing overvoltage),
• react rapidly (within milliseconds) to power loss,
• provide reactive power to maintain voltage,
• offer black-start capability for isolated regions.